Apologetics
Explore the arguments for Christian faith, evidence for God and the resurrection, biblical reliability, science, ethics and debate.
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This reading list brings together items from the sources selected for Apologetics. Open each item at its original source for the complete article, episode or video. This is a selection of current coverage, not a complete archive.
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What Does Romans 9 Mean?
My grandparents were legally permitted to leave communist Russia in the 1930s, in an era when borders were sealed. Almost no one escaped Russia at that time. Humanly speaking, my father should have lived and died in Russia, probably without hearing the gospel. He should not have met my mother in America, and—if there were no God—neither I nor my children would have been born. But God does exist, and Romans 8 and 9 describe His sovereign governance over all things.
What “Kyrios” Means in the Bible
The English word church comes from the Greek word kyriakē, which is a form of the noun kyriakos and means, that which is owned or possessed by the kyrios. So then, what does kyrios mean? This is an important word in the New Testament because it is the Greek word for “Lord” and it is the New Testament word that translates the Old Testament covenant name for God—Yahweh—and the Hebrew title adonai. When the psalmist says, “O Lord, our Lord, how majestic is your name in all the earth!” (Ps.
Do We Have Free Will?
The question of whether we have free will has been debated by Christians for two millennia. But what does the Bible say? Can we find any help in God’s Word to answer how we can freely choose our actions and be responsible for them? Many Christians, sometimes known as free-will theists (including Arminians), have answered this question one way, embracing what is called libertarian free will. Other Christians associated with Reformed theology (Calvinists) have answered the question another way, embracing what is called compatibilism.
5 Things You Should Know About John Calvin
1. John Calvin was ousted from his church, ministry, and home. Less than two years after beginning his ministry in Geneva, a twenty-nine-year-old John Calvin (1509–64) found himself ousted from his church, ministry, and home, with two days’ notice to quit the city. No doubt as he and William Farel traveled away from Geneva that April, they wondered what would come next. Their thoughts were on a looming ecclesiastical battle in response to this bitter experience;
How Did We Get the Westminster Confession of Faith?
Have you ever started a project with a specific goal in mind, only to realize along the way that the final product would look very different from what you’d originally planned? If so, then you can understand something of how the Westminster Confession of Faith came to be. How It Came to Be The creation of the Westminster Confession represents the crescendo of a century of political and religious upheaval on the British Isles.
What Is Predestination?
We must start by asking a seemingly simple question: What is predestination? There appear to be as many different definitions of predestination as there are doctrines of predestination. Since the Bible was not written in English, we don’t find the English word predestination, yet multiple Greek words convey the concept, so we look to these Greek words to inform our understanding of what predestination means. One example is the Greek word proorizō.
Top 5 Commentaries on the Book of Revelation
Preparing a “top 5” list of commentaries on the book of Revelation is extremely challenging in a number of ways. Commentators differ on many basic issues, from the structure of the book (recapitulation, chronological ordering, telescoping, etc.) to the basic interpretive approach (futurist, preterist, historicist, idealist, eclectic) to its date of composition (which itself affects one’s interpretive approach).
What Is Reformed Theology?
Have you ever asked or been asked the following questions: Are you Reformed? When did you become Reformed? Is this a Reformed church? These questions are common, but they can be surprisingly difficult to answer. So, what is Reformed theology? At its most basic level, the term Reformed theology refers to the theological conclusions flowing out of the Protestant Reformation. The early Reformers, such as Martin Luther, Ulrich Zwingli, and John Calvin, had sharp and specific criticisms of late medieval Roman Catholic theology.
63% of UK Evangelicals Downplay Sin: The State of Theology
How serious is our sin? The State of Theology survey has returned to the United Kingdom, revealing what people really believe about God, the Bible, and salvation. The results reveal significant confusion, even among professing Christians. 63% of evangelicals in the United Kingdom agree with the statement, “Everyone sins a little, but most people are good by nature.” This response shows that the confusion has grown worse since Ligonier’s last UK survey in 2018, when 48% of UK evangelicals agreed with this false statement.
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